EVOLUTION OF SPAYING TECHNIQUES IN BITCHES: FROM CONVENTIONAL TO VIDEOLAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY – A LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25110/arqvet.v29i1.2026-12796Keywords:
Canine, Celiotomy, Laparoscopy, Ovariectomy, Ovariohysterectomy.Abstract
Conventional midline surgical sterilization techniques have long been taught and performed in veterinary medicine schools. However, these methods are associated with disadvantages such as increased tissue manipulation and significant postoperative pain. This has driven research into and the application of minimally invasive techniques, drawing on practices from human medicine. Accordingly, this review examines the literature on the evolution of surgical techniques for population control in female dogs. Initial descriptions of ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy in female dogs involved the use of four access ports located along the midline and in paramedian positions. However, over the years, these portals have been refined, and their size and number have decreased, with most now restricted to the midline. In the pursuit of minimal tissue trauma, Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) techniques have also been applied and refined, emerging as a viable alternative for reproductive control. Thus, minimally invasive spay surgeries have demonstrated advantages over conventional procedures. Despite specific limitations—such as cases of markedly enlarged pyometra—these represent safe techniques for population control in female dogs.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Iroleide Santana de Jesus, Késia Bandeira da Silva, Marco Augusto Machado Silva, Pedro Paulo Maia Teixeira
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